The narrative sections of ethnographic studies on decision-making in frontline agencies and social control institutions, abound with examples of agents – whether these be police officers, judges, health workers, or social welfare bureaucrats – who bend, stretch and even defy agency rules to assist “deserving” clients and persons (Fassin 2015, Zacka 2015, Lara Millan 2014, Marrow 2009, Maynard Moody and Musheno 2003). ​To date, however, existing studies do not investigate the theoretical importance of this discordance between established rules and understandings of moral worth as a motivating factor of the decision-making process, even though the empirical data they provide often suggest that it is precisely this discordance which influences how frontline actors proceed to evaluate their clients.

​TABLE TALK, AT A SIMULACRIATIC TABLE
John R. Hall - University of California, Davis

The sociological attraction of the dinner with engaging companions is that it facilitates table talk across a range of topics, everyone freely expressing opinions, maybe floating excessive claims over the third bottle of wine, perhaps in response to someone else’s rather bold assertion, testing the possibilities of shared understandings efficiently and in ways that bring forth topics and points of view otherwise elusive. Habitus, as Bourdieu rightly understood, finds its strongest stamp at the dinner table. In Perspectives, engaged table talk about theory has its quasi-simulacrum, and the editors, past and present, are to be commended for throwing the dinner party. Here, in memory of my late fellow Louisvillian Hunter S. Thompson, I want to exploit this table talk-ish culture by advancing gonzo-esque claims about the prospects of sociological theory today, claims that would be impossible to justify either amidst the clink of stemware and clatter of dishes or in this short text.

Last fall, my essay for Perspectives both noted the vital energies in theory today and waxed somewhat melancholy about the seemingly dim prospects of general theory. We have seen significant developments of theory on diverse fronts – theories of cognition and agency, field theory, governmentality, postcolonial theory, theories of intersectionality in stratification and identity, feminist theory, critical race theory, actor-network theory, theories of social justice, cultural theory: this list could be longer, and still incomplete.

BREAKING DOWN THE IRON CAGE
FOR DEMOCRATIC ENDS: 
Reflections on studying the Burning
​Man Organization and a Democratic School
Katherine K. Chen - The City College and Graduate School (CUNY)

While I knew I wanted to study organizations, I did not start out with the intention of researching democratic practices.  I felt frustrated that much of organizational research, both classic and contemporary, slavishly detailed the myriad dysfunctions of organizations; yet, these studies provided few clues on how to rectify these ills.  Like many sociologists, I believe that our discipline excels in documenting and questioning the taken-for-granted.  However, most research examines conventional institutions, and we don’t offer practitioners – including ourselves – equivalent insight into alternatives.  This omission partly reflects selection bias, as it’s easier to find well-established survivors that persist because they replicate conventional structures.  To understand other possibilities, we should follow Burawoy’s (2013) and Graeber’s (2004) recommendations to undertake more studies of how groups, particularly nascent ones, resist reproducing the status quo.

​IT'S THE POLITICAL ECONOMY, STUPID:
​A POLANYIAN TAKE ON AMERICAN POLITICS IN THE LONGUE DURÉE
Josh Pacewicz - Brown University


American politics is in the gutter, and a key long-term cause is the polarization of the two parties: Democratic and Republican politicians uniformly take opposing positions on virtually all issues. This phenomenon may appear less pressing than Trump’s brinkmanship and racially divisive appeals, and a full accounting of Trump certainly requires attention to other issues like the politics of racial backlash. But, on the other hand, Trump’s ability to endure countless scandals and breaks with GOP orthodoxy while maintaining near-total party support is unimaginable except in a scenario wherein Republicans oppose Democrats across the board. Party polarization is what created conditions of possibility for a figure like Trump.

My work examines the political-economic roots of party polarization, and—I think—illustrates the ways in which analyses that focus on political-economic institutions counter the normative intuitions of both formal and folk political theory, particularly the presentist mindset with which some commentators approach analysis of our current historical moment.

EQUALITY PROJECTS IN ARGENTINE WORKER-RECUPERATED BUSINESSES
Katherine Sobering - University of North Texas


​In March 2003, Gisela and a group of her former co-workers gathered on a street corner near Hotel Bauen, a twenty-story tower in downtown Buenos Aires where they had once worked. Once a luxury hotel and conference center, the vacant business was one of many that shut down during Argentina’s 2001 crisis, leaving Gisela and many others out of work. 

Unemployment can be a deeply disruptive experience. As plenty of sociological research in the U.S. and abroad shows, unemployment not only impacts a person’s financial livelihood and future earning potential, but it can also be a stressful and isolating experience. A very different series of events took place in Argentina. As unemployment rates ticked up, collective action blossomed: residents formed neighborhood assemblies to organize basic services, piqueteros blocked streets to demand jobs, and unemployed workers occupied their former workplaces with the goal of restarting them without a boss.

​ETHNOGRAPHY AND THEORY
Benjamin Shestakofsky - University of Pennsylvania

Upon being asked to contribute a reflection on how theory plays a role in my ethnographic research, I began to ponder whether there is any aspect of my work—and the work of ethnographers more generally—in which theory does not play a role.

Ethnographers dwell in the time and space of others. Using our bodies as research instruments, we participate in and observe social action, inscribing our interpretations to the page. Some researchers caution that ethnographers must be careful to undertake such activities without allowing theoretical presuppositions to color their observations. In practice, however, ethnographers can never escape theory, which may take the form of either explicit or tacit models of activity in the social world. Other scholars’ research and our own personal experiences inform our interest in the topics we choose to study. Once ethnographers have entered a social setting, we find that the field is an infinite manifold. It is theory that focuses our attention on particular aspects of the activities we observe. As we begin to gather data, we cannot help but draw it into dialogue with existing concepts as we develop insights and repeatedly return to the field to test our assumptions. Analysis of data is informed by reflections on how one’s positionality shapes one’s observations. And our writing requires us to make decisions about whose voices will be included or suppressed as we weigh considerations of audience and genre.

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